![]() Populations have a distribution range (1 st order) individuals establish home ranges (2 nd), select habitats inside them (3 rd), and use specific patches for specific activities, e.g., feeding and resting (4 th). Habitat selection takes place at several spatial scales, typically described as four orders of selection 1. This is important to understand the structure of ecological communities and the varying mechanisms underlying interspecific interactions. Our new results indicate that the manifestation of a specific driver of habitat selection, namely interspecific competition, can vary at different spatial-temporal scales. Otherwise, we did not find any effect of bear presence on wolf habitat selection, in contrast with our previous studies. Wolves may follow the winter migration of their staple prey, moose ( Alces alces), to lower altitudes. Wolves selected for lower altitudes in winter, particularly in the area where bears and wolves are sympatric, where altitude is generally higher than where they are allopatric. Here, we applied resource selection functions and a multivariate approach to compare wolf habitat selection within home ranges of wolves that were either sympatric or allopatric with bears. In Scandinavia, the home-range establishment and kill rates of gray wolves ( Canis lupus) are affected by the coexistence with brown bears ( Ursus arctos). This is particularly true for large carnivores, whose fine-scale monitoring is logistically complex and expensive. ![]() Individuals can show several behavioral responses to reduce competition for habitat, yet the mechanisms that drive them are poorly understood. Habitat selection of animals depends on factors such as food availability, landscape features, and intra- and interspecific interactions.
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